Twinkies :: Sociology, Chinese Americans

Traditionally, Twinkies argon usually thought of as cream-filled yellow sponge cakes. To Chinese the Statesns, a different image is conjured. When Chinese Americans integrate with the American culture so much that their Chinese culture is much less apparent, they are known as Twinkies yellow on the outside and white on the inside. In Amy Tans essay Mother Tongue and Elizabeth Wongs essay The Struggle to be an All-American Girl, both girls are Chinese American trying to fit in with the American society while their Chinese mothers are very traditional at home. Tan and Wong are trying to please their image in America and their mothers at the same time. While these essays are interchangeable because they focus on the native languages used in America and the struggles of being a Chinese American in America, they differ in both their attitudes toward their mothers and private reflections of being Chinese American.An individuals background is where one comes from and how he or she is rais ed. Tan is Chinese American. She has a traditional Chinese mother who speaks mortified English. Tan states that, It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than broken, as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed. . . (Tan 43). Tan is an American school girl. As Tan listens to her mother use that type of dialect, it causes her perception of her mother to be distraught. Tan believed it . . . reflected the quality of what her mother had to say (Tan 43). For instance, section store clerks, bank employees and restaurant workers will ignore her mother when they can not understand her. Tan is a writer who loves the use of language. She says, Language is the instrument of my trade. And I use them all-all the Englishes I grew up with (Tan 41). She is able to adapt her dialect to her audience. With her mother, she uses broken English with her colleagues, she uses correct English grammar.Similarly, Wong also grew up in America with a traditional Chinese mot her. In contrast, Wongs upbringing involves her mother forcing her into attending two different schools. After her American school day, Wong continues on with Chinese school to learn both cultures. Her mother felt it was her duty to . . . learn the language of her heritage (Wong 144). This puts a burden on Wong as she starts to despise the Chinese culture.

Adrian is currently running Gunner Pass with no other employees. So he :: Business and Management Studies

Adrian is currently running artilleryman Pass with no other employees. So he does not need to use ICT to communicate between departments. gunner Pass. 2Describe the type of work done in working(a) areas of Gunner Pass. 2Describe how ICT is used within these functional areas of Gunner Pass.3Explain how the functional areas help to achieve the aims of GunnerPass. 3Explain how ICT helps Gunner Pass work unneurotic 4Analyse how effectively the functional areas work together to achievethe aims of Gunner Pass 4Suggest how and come-at-able improvements or developments in ICT mighthelp the functional areas work together more effectively. 5Cummins UK.. 6Describe the type of work done in the functional areas of Cummins. 6Describe how ICT is used within these functional areas of Cummins. 7Explain how the functional areas help to achieve the aims of Cummins.7Explain how ICT helps Cummins work together 8Analyse how effectively the functional areas work together to achievethe aims of Cummins 8 Suggest how and possible improvements or developments in ICT mighthelp the functional areas to work together more effectively. 8Gunner PassDescribe the type of work done in functional areas of Gunner PassA function in a business is the area of activity in the business.Adrian is a sole trader. As Adrian currently doesnt employ anyone, he must run all the functions in a business. The functions in businessare marketing and sales, customer service, production and operations,human resources, finance, administration and ICT. Some sole traders entrust get hold of an employee who in specialised or skilled in a certain area,such as a sole trader may have a marketing and sales manager. Adrianworks on his own so he as to do work in all these areas of hisbusiness. In a normal working day, Adrian does work in more than onefunction of his business. He writes extinct adverts, designs new leaflets,this would be marketing and sales. When he pays cheques into the bank,or pays out insurance on his v ehicle, that is in the Financedepartment. When Adrian receives a call from a new customer, and thecustomer wants to know the services and prices he offers. Then that isin the node Services department. All the areas are needed to keepGunner Pass running.Finance Consists of paying bills and receiving payments. Adrian mustkeep a record of his expenditure and his incomings. He does thisbecause he never earns the same amount of money each month. Hereceives a tax statement at the end of each year. By doing this hewill be able to calculate his net profit per month/year.

Existentialist Themes Of Anxiety And Absurdity Essay -- Philosophy Phi

Existentialist Themes of Anxiety and AbsurdityIn a world with such a vast amount of people on that point exists virtuallyevery different belief, thought, and ideology. This means that for every controversy and every disagreement that their exists two sides of relative equalstrength. It is through these disagreements that arguments are formed.Arguments are the construction blocks in which philosophers use to analyzesituations and determine theories of life. For the purpose of this paper I willtry and argue my personal beliefs on a specific argument. This argument ispresented in a form of a question and upon examination of the contents of thisquestion, several different and unique questions arise. In order to aliment my opening as to the answer to this question I will attempt to answer the threesubquestions which deal less with the content of the question itself and morewith the reaction to reading the question. in any case key to the support of my theoryis the concept of existentia lism. I will go into the foundations of thisethical theory throughout the remainder of this paper. Subquestion one, E --C, simple asks whether it is line up or false that if you have an ethical theorythen does it have to be consistent. Subquestion two, (?) -- H, poses theidea of what makes up the essence of being a mankind being. Subquestion three, E-- (H -- M), asks whether it is true or false that it is ethical to assumethat humans should be given moral priority over animals.I order to support my interpretation and answer the topic question, Iwill try to explain my personal ethical theory. We were given several differenttheories in which to emulate or pick pieces of in order to define such wordswhich have different meanings to different people. For such vague words such asright and wrong, the background in which they are presented are vital pieces inorder to define them. It is my belief, and a necessary requirement of thispaper to somehow define these two words. It is pellucid that these two wordsmust be opposites of each former(a). Therefore, the understanding of one willeasily lead to the understanding of its opposite. However, the words themselveswill never be anything more than five letters grouped together. This is becauseyour ethical theory and someone elses ethical theory could doable conflictcausing for a discrepan... ...kill as a means of survival. At thispoint in time it is only necessary to kill sealed animals as a form of foodsource and for other luxury items. There have been times when it was necessaryfor humans to kill an animal for food. I wonder if a person who did not eat meaning would starve to death if the only thing to eat was meat? And as long as wedo not over kill a certain species then they will continue to reproduce and thefood chain will continue to work. Being descendants of other living things,humans must tick off that nature is let to work on it own, continuing to do whatit has done for many years.In response to subquestio n one, I do not feel that it is possible toremain consistent in any ethical theory in which you live by. This is mainlybecause every ethical theory that I now of is completely too focused and usuallynot completely relevant to every circumstance. The more broad your definitionor theory is then the closer you obtain to the only one that will always work.The less you say what you can and cant do, the closer you come to saying nothing.Once you have generalized your theory so much that you eliminated everythingthen you are stuck with

american gothic design :: essays research papers

The most important aesthetic and philosophical style was developed in the eighteenth century, yet this style did not reach its apex until the nineteenth. With Christian elements and strong moral the movement appealed to the newly wealthy middle classes. The notable ontogenesis in prosperity that accompanied the Industrial Revolution was largely based on the accumulative benefits of inexpensive imports for the colonies. This new found affluence and status for the middle-class, has naturally revealed in the types of homes they lived in and the style in which they decorated and ornamented them. Unsure how to begin this new style of living, they chose architecture and furnishings that had previously been only for the aristocracy and the upper class. The critics of risque Victorian style, known as the Aesthetic Movement, objected not only to the style and quality of machine-made furnishings but also to the manner in which they were utilise in the home. The typical middle-class drawin g room was crammed full of furniture, fabrics were used in abundance and every available surface was overflowing with knickknacks. Such displays were a meat of showing off their new-found cultural interests, prosperity and status. They were also in accord with the fashionable notion that bareness in a room was in suffering taste. Victorian Gothic style was zenithed in the mid-nineteenth century by those who yearned to return to the complexity of the skilled craftsmanship and design that prevailed in the Middle Ages.Architecture in the Middle Ages in northern Europe was based on arches, such as the gable, buttress, and ribbed vault. These houses had roofs that were high and sloping, which were imperative in wetter climates of the north, and inspired the used of decorative elements such as stonework and brick, oriel and lancet windows, or weathervanes. Colonettes rose to these ceilings and eliminated the used of masonry walls, now leaving enough interior room and wall lacuna for wi ndows. Large windows were made of stained glass, in later years portraying religious figures, and the glow of light was said to symbolize heavenly spiritual light. These subjects briefly passed as the sixteenth century approached with a more classical form of architecture. This style, full of symmetry, rounded arches, and columns, and lacking culture, branded medieval design barbaric. nowadays collectively called Victorian the architecture was made up of several main styles. These include Italianate, Second Empire, Stick-Eastlake, and Queen Anne.Facades of Victorian Gothic homes were asymmetrical with steeply flip roofs.

William Shakespeares Othello Essay -- William Shakespeare Othello Ess

William Shakespeares OthelloEvery artist needs a subject to draw inspiration froman idea to develop into a masterpiece. Leonardo da Vinci had Madame Lisa to portray in paint. The Beach Boys had Rhonda to render in rhyme. And William Shakespeare had one of one hundred stories written by Giraldi Cinthio to help him create his masterpiece, Othello. Each artist creates his own interpretation from his source. Shakespeare change the core of Cinthios story into a disaster. A tragedy is drama which depicts a public struggle between larger-than-life protagonists and universal forces (Glossary 175). A tragedy also involves a heros suffering and his consequent moments of tragic insight or knowledge (McJannet 1). Each subtle change, which Shakespeare adapts from his source, serves to turn an ordinary yarn into an extraordinary tragedy.The changes Shakespeare makes create a larger-than-life protagonist. In Cinthios work, the Ensign falls in love with Disdemona. The Ensign tries every means available to address her, yet he fails in every attempt. The Ensign imagined that the cause of his ill success was that Disdemona loved the Captain of the troop (Cinthio 137). As a result, the love which the Ensign had borne the noblewoman now changed into the bitterest hate, andhe devoted all his thought to plot the death of the Captain of the troop and to divert the affection of the Moor from Disdemona (Cinthio 137). Cinthios plot does not center on Othello, it is powered by Disdemona. Shakespeare makes a key change when creating his play. Shakespeare makes Othello the clear protagonist. Iagos plotting revolves around Othello. Not only does Othello pass Iago over for a rightly deserved position, but it is thought a... ...Michelangelo did with a chisel, so Shakespeare does with a pen. Shakespeare took Cinthios idea of a Moor. Shakespeare chipped away parts, and patched them back together, in a reconfiguration from his own minds eye. Shakespeare creates a tragic fl aw, and from this a tragic error occurs. Shakespeare creates an impressive protagonist amid a fateful world. Within this tragic world, the contraband manipulation of Othello is brought to light. In short, Shakespeare turns a tale into a tragedy and a story into a masterpiece.Works CitedCinthio, Giraldi. Hecatommithi. Trans. J. E. Taylor. Ed. Alvin Kernan. New York New American Library, 1998. (134-146). Glossary. (170-175).McJannet, Dr. Linda. Short root Shakespeare and Cinthio. Spring, 2006. (1-2).Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alvin Kernan. New York New American Library, 1998. (2-128).

William Shakespeares Othello Essay -- William Shakespeare Othello Ess

William Shakespeares OthelloEvery artist needs a subject to draw inspiration froman idea to develop into a masterpiece. Leonardo da Vinci had Madame Lisa to give in paint. The Beach Boys had Rhonda to render in rhyme. And William Shakespeare had one of one hundred stories written by Giraldi Cinthio to help him create his masterpiece, Othello. Each artist creates his own interlingual rendition from his source. Shakespeare transformed the core of Cinthios story into a tragedy. A tragedy is drama which depicts a public struggle between larger-than-life protagonists and universal forces (Glossary 175). A tragedy also involves a heros suffering and his consequent moments of sad insight or knowledge (McJannet 1). Each subtle change, which Shakespeare adapts from his source, serves to turn an indifferent tale into an extraordinary tragedy.The changes Shakespeare makes create a larger-than-life protagonist. In Cinthios work, the Ensign falls in eff with Disdemona. The Ensign t ries every means lendable to woo her, yet he fails in every attempt. The Ensign imagined that the cause of his ill success was that Disdemona loved the Captain of the troop (Cinthio 137). As a result, the love which the Ensign had borne the lady now changed into the bitterest hate, andhe devoted all his thought to plot the death of the Captain of the troop and to divert the affection of the Moor from Disdemona (Cinthio 137). Cinthios plot does not center on Othello, it is powered by Disdemona. Shakespeare makes a key change when creating his play. Shakespeare makes Othello the clear protagonist. Iagos plotting revolves around Othello. Not only does Othello pass Iago everyplace for a rightly deserved position, but it is thought a... ...Michelangelo did with a chisel, so Shakespeare does with a pen. Shakespeare took Cinthios idea of a Moor. Shakespeare chipped away parts, and patched them back together, in a reconfiguration from his own minds eye. Shakespeare creates a t ragic flaw, and from this a tragic error occurs. Shakespeare creates an impressive protagonist amid a fateful world. Within this tragic world, the fatal manipulation of Othello is brought to light. In short, Shakespeare turns a tale into a tragedy and a story into a masterpiece.Works CitedCinthio, Giraldi. Hecatommithi. Trans. J. E. Taylor. Ed. Alvin Kernan. New York New American Library, 1998. (134-146). Glossary. (170-175).McJannet, Dr. Linda. bypass Paper Shakespeare and Cinthio. Spring, 2006. (1-2).Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alvin Kernan. New York New American Library, 1998. (2-128).

Reaction on the Prestige Movie Essay

ReactionContentment. This is unrivaled thing that the two lead characters in the movie do not contain over themselves. They both made sacrifices just to be able to have the title of the one who has the greatest magic trick. They sacrificed their friendship, their families, even their unrecordeds. forward they started their rivalry, they both have good relationship with each other, good family, a good life. But what happened after they tried to uncover each others secret? Because of greed and personal motive, they both lost everything. The story looked like a tragedy, horror, and dramatic movie for me. Its like an exaggerated version of how we live our lives, sometimes. crimson though we fag outt admit, but sometimes, there is some part of us that involve to be on top of someone because we dont feel satisfied and we cant accept the fact that there is someone better than us.Here in the story, the secret is the symbol of what we want to get from someone. And what the two characte rs did in the story are examples of our actions in real life. One makes the attack and the other one makes the defense. Robert, who was the one making the offense, wanted to live Alfreds secret, not just because he did it for revenge, but also because he wanted to own the prestige that Alfred had. He did everything that would put Alfred down. On the other hand, Alfred was the one making the defense. He sacrificed everything that he had in order for him to get a hold of his fame. In the end, both of them didnt make it to their goal. Instead, they became losers of their own games. The characters are the digest of human greed. Greed that we cannot pull out of our being human. It seems impossible for a human to be able to escape this kind of bad attitude.But as we grow older, as we mature, we learn how to build up goodness in ourselves because we realize the true meaning of life. We realize that there are things that we cannot achieve, obtain and maintain. Even our own life is not per manent. Nothing is permanent in this world except our soul. Now, as we think of this, we will be able to get theview that the most important things in this world cannot be seen. But it can be felt. Were fortunate that God has provided us the greatest give anyone could ever get. And the best way to give back to our Father, I think, is to be grateful enough, and learn how to appreciate the things that we have, nothing less.

Albrecht durer

When and where did Udder work? Durra worked during the middle ages, and lived in Murderer during what we lie with recognize as its golden age. 2. Who and what was an influence on his machinationwork? In 1494, Udder traveled to Italy to study art, Udder was heavily influenced by the Italians, and one writer in particular Vitreous. Udder was most interested in their efforts to find the mathematical proportions for depiction the perfect figure. One artist Udder drew ecstasy from in particular while he was studying in Italy, was Andrea Antenna, an Italian painter fascinated with the element of perspective.But a huge fear that Udder captured and use, as inspiration was the idea of the world coming to an end, the idea of the end of the world was one e trulyone at the time was obsessed with. Udder seized this idea and ventured out to work out the tedious, and never before completed project of organism the first individual to both publish and illustrate a book. The task was incredibly complicated, though as a result, Udder invented the feeling press, and Udder successfully forced the book, which told of both the end, and the new beginning that was to come. 3. What techniques does Udder use?Udder uses the technique of line and texture very frequently in his soft touching, drawing and paintings. The image to the right shows a drawing by Udder, this drawing features both the techniques of line and texture very clearly, line, being used to bring out an almost tactile texture of the work force, making them seem real. Why dose he work this way? I believe Udder worked in such a way because it was exactly how the shell looked in real life, he didnt try and perk up the hands (in this case) look how people pictured the hands to look, he drew them in the exact way he saw them.What affect dose this have on the portrayal of his subject matter? This has the round-eyed effect of making the drawing look very realistic. Udder also painted many self portraits, some even ac cuse him as being vein, this realistic method meant that unlike almost every portrait of the time, Udder painted his subject, himself, looking straight at the viewer, stead of doing what most painters did, which was to turn the person three quarters of the way, so the were looking out, and not directly at the viewer. Was it different from his contemporaries?Although Udder was the first of his time to discover and use the printing press, I dont believe Udder was so different from his contemporaries he did things that at the time were seen as quite revolutionary, though his art shares many similarities with otherwise artists of his time, such as Lucas Crash. Based on what you can see in the image and your research, in 4 sentences describe the subject matter and the constitution of the work. The subject matter of the print includes the horses, and their riders, the horses are all metaphors of what would cause the apocalypse.Another element of the subject matter includes the devastati on that the horses are causing. The themes present in the artwork include, the clear theme of death, and also destruction. In 2 sentences describe Duress use of materials and techniques- (placement within the composition, printing method). Be sure to mention where this is evident in the artwork The print is highly intricate, and the use of line which is clearly evident, particularly around the clouds, and at the feet of the horses, giving the effect they are running. Udder uses the element of shape and color to make the print look even and lanced.In 4 sentences discuss what you believe are the most dominant art elements in this work? How is it affected by the art principles? I believe the most dominant art elements in this print are line, texture and color, or in this case shading, the use of color helps to create unity and balance in the print by making it look even and composed. The use of line creates texture, contributing to the presence of contrast in the print. Do you think th e use of contrast is important? Why? I do think the use of contrast is important, primarily because the contrast is the actual lines, which make up the print.But also because the contrast helps to form the shapes of the print and separates the different elements of the subject matter. How do you think the formal qualities in conjunction with the subject matter help to create meaning? In your response identify any signs and symbolizations evident in the work. 8 sentences. The work is deeply metaphoric, the main metaphor in the print is the taken for granted(predicate) 4 horses, the horses were seen to be symbols of what would, in the end, end the world, the first horse, the white horse was a symbol for, The second horse, the red horse held a metaphoric symbol for war.The third kings men rode a black horse, which was seen to resemble famine. And the last horse was known as the pale horse, and was named death. At the top of the print there is an pitch whos gown, once elaborate, is n ow wrecked and seems almost burnt at the bottom. At the bottom of the print you will find people being trampled by the horses, and unluckily for the man in the bottom left corner, it looks as if he is about to be eaten by some kind of fire monster. Efforts to find the mathematical proportions for portraying the perfect figure. One

Series 7 Study Guide

Chapter 13 habilitatement attach to ( ) Investment Companies A association or trust in which throneors pool their gillyflowers and be usually organized as stools in the same manner as any different business corporation. However, some have been established as trusts and as such be supervised by trustees rather than dir ? Diversification Advantages of Investment ? Professional focal point association ? Liquidity The basic legistration governing investment broths company and difines and classifies investment companies into 3 basic types. ? Face Amount Certificate Company The Investment Company Act of ?Unit Investment Trust(UIT) 1940 ? Management Company The Act requires all investment companies with 100 shareholders or more to register with the SEC. A public offer may not be made by a reciprocal fund until it has a minimum net worth of $100,000. New shares are registered by the fund periodically, usually Type of Investment Companies Face Amount Certificate Issues debt ce rtificates offering a predetermined rate of interest. Holders are entitled to redeem Company their certificates for a indomitable amount on a specified date.Investment companies with no management fee and low sales charges that invest in a fixed Unit Investment portfolio of municipal or corporate bonds are categorized as UIT. The funds are issued in book (UIT / ) entry form and registered form. completed nether an indenture or simil Manage a portfolio of securities in accordance with specified investment objectives. Each day, usually at the end of trading on the NYSE, a management company exit determine the value of its Management Company portfolio or the net asset value(NAV) per share. ? Closed-end ? Does not issue recoverable shares ? Open-end ?Issues redeemable shares Usually capitalizes through a 1-time public offering of shares and may issue commom stock, Closed-end Investment like stock, or bonds. The company does not continuously issue shares nor will it redeem its Com pany shares. The market monetary value of closed-end funds will be based on the f Also called mutual fund. They are continuously take new shares which they stand ready to Open-end Investment Company redeem. All shares issued are common shares ONLY. Instead of 5% policy, sales charge will be applied. Management(investment informative) fees are normally the largest Chapter 13Types of Mutual property Diversified Common Stock ancestrys Income Funds Balanced Funds Bond Funds Money Market Funds Bonds and Preferred Stock Funds Specialized Funds Operation of a Mutual Fund Board of Directors Investment Companies Consists mostly of common stocks. The funds suffer have a variety of investment objectives. One might be conservative and invest primarily in blue-chip stocks. Another might be more aggressive and invest primarily in growth stocks. Have as their investment objective high current income. Maintain some residue of their assets in bonds and preferred stock as well as in common stoc k.Invest their assets solely in bonds and have as their objective stability of income. Invest in short-term debt(money market) instruments. A typical money market fund invests in CP and CDs. They generally pays the interest to the investors monthly. Invest in senior securities, both bonds and preferred stock. Their objective is current income with safety of principal. Invest a large proportion of their assets in a particular industry such as the chemical industry. elected by the mutual fund shareholders and are responsible for developing and implementing investment policies. accord to the Investment Company Act of 1940, at least 40% of the board of directors must(prenominal) be unaffiliated with the mutual fund. Unless authorized by majority vote of its shares, an investment company may not ? Go from diversified to non-diversified ? Change its investment objectives and concentration of investments ? Borrow money, underwrite securities issued by others, make loans, buy or sell real estate ? Change the nature of business so as to cease acting Must be sent to stockholders semiannually. Mutual funds sell ex-dividend whenever the fund or its principal underwriter(sponsor) determines.The ex-dividend date for a mutual fund is usually the same day as the record date. Contracted by the fund to issue new shares and cancel redeemed shares for the fund. Normally also in charge of the disbursement of dividend and capital gain distri barelyions and performing other bookkeeping. Responsible for the safekeeping of the securities owned by a mutual fund. Mutual funds must have a national bank, trust company or other qualified institution act as its custodian. He holds the cash and securities of the fund but does NOT perform any mana The principal underwriter of the fund.He has an exclusive agreement with the fund which allows him to purchase fund shares at the current NAV. The shares may then be resold to the public, through outside dealers or the sponsors sales force, at the full Shareholder Rights Financial Report Dividend of Mutual Fund Transfer Agent Custodian Sponsor(Distributor) Chapter 13 Section 12b-1(The Investment Company Act of 1940) Investment Companies Though a sponsor is used and bears the cost of sales of literature and other promotional items, under certain situation, selling expenses may be borne by the fund. Chapter 13 Dealers Investment CompaniesMust have a signed selling agreement with the sponsor. They are fobidden to purchase mutual fund shares for inventory. But they can do so only to fill customer orders or for their own investment. If a dealer who has purchased shares for investment decides Manages the funds portfolio. Re. management of a mutual fund, securities on margin, participate in a reciprocal account, or sell short securities may not be permitted in general. Investment advisory contracts must be approved by a majority of the funds share Total Expense / Average Net Assets NAV + Sales level = NAV / (100% Sales Charge Pe rcentage) = $10. 0 / (100% 7%) = $10. 75 Total Net Asset / Number of Shares Outstanding Orders to buy and sell the fund are based on the undermentioned price to be computed. Sales Charge / Public crack Price = $1. 57 / $19. 60 = 8% Based on public offering price. According to the NASDs Conduct Rules, the level best allowable percentage is 8. 5%. In the sale, there is no sales charge though is buyback fee(i. e. 1%). To charge the maximum 8. 5% sales charge, the mutual fund must offer i To be sold to the public at the NAV, without any sales charge added. No-load fund may charge a liquidation fee when an investor sells the fund. clam levels at which the sales charge is reduced. Amount Deposited Sales Charge Percentage Less than $10,000 8. 5% $10,000 $25,000 7. 5% $25,000 $50,000 6. 0% Enables an investor to qualify for the discount made operational by breakpoints without initially depositing the entire amount required. LOIs are NOT binding on the investor and only available t o single purchaser. The letter states the investors intention Those people who are eligible for sales breakpoints and LOI, which includes a joint account only between husband and wife.Partnership, investment clubs and joint accounts are NOT eligible for reduced sales charges or LOI. Investment Advisor Expense Ratio Buying Mutual Fund Shares Public Offering Price(Asked Price) Net Asset Value(NAV / per share) Buy and Sell the Fund Sales Charge Percentage No-load(N. L. ) Funds Breakpoints Letter of Intent(LOI) Single Purchaser Chapter 13 Voluntary Plans Dollar Cost Averaging (Constant Dollar Plan) Dollar Averaging Redeeming Mutual Fund Shares salvation Investment Companies Require an initial minimum investment.The investor will indicate an intention to invest a minimum amount at fixed intervals, such as montly or quarterly. Fixed dollar amount is invested periodically. Fixed share amount is invested periodically. Redemption fee is calculated based on NAV. Mutual funds are required und er the Investment Company Act of 1940 to pay the proceeds of redemption in spite of appearance 7 calendar days. The SEC can order or allow, upon the request of a fund, that redemption be suspended fo ? Fixed-dollar Types of Withdrawal Plans ? Fixed-percentage ? Fixed-share gross of Mutual Fund Distributions Earnings for Investment ?Investment income(dividends & interest on the securities) Companies ? Capital gain Investors will receive a Form 1099 to report distributions for income assess purpose. They may elect to Form 1099 take distributions from mutual funds in the form of reinvested shares rather than in the form of cash. Investment Income Dividends & interest on the securities. dutiable to the investors as ordinary income. When an asset is sold for more than its cost, the result is a capital gain. ? Long-term gains ? Result from the sale of assets held for more than 1 year / taxed as capital gain Capital Gain ? Short-term gains ?Result from the sale of assets held for 1 yea r or less / taxed as ordinary income Capital gains are taxed at the individuals tax rate, up to a maximum of 20%. Holders of one fund in the group may have an exchange or regeneration privilege allowing them to Exchange Privilege convert to another fund of the same manager at the NAV. Investment companies can avoid paying taxes on income since they are eligible for special tax Taxation of Investment treatment under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code. This special tax treatment is called Companies the conduit or business line treatment.Avoid triple taxation which would occur if the mutual fund paid taxes. The companies held in the funds portfolio pay corporate income taxes and the investor pays taxes on dividends received from the fund. Therefore, taxes payable on dividends and interes Conduit / Pipeline Chapter 13 Conduit / Pipeline Investment Companies Corporatoi n in Portfolio Mutual Fund Dividen Investors Regulated Investment Companies The investment companies that meet certain requirements under Subchapter M are considered to be regulated investment companies. Chapter 13 Reporting Requirements 300% Asset CoverageInvestment Companies Annual report must be sent to the SEC and semiannual reports must be sent to the shareholders. Investment Company Rules and Regulations Management companies(open-end & closed-end) are subject to 300% asset coverage to control their leverage, therey reducing risk. NASD Rules on Investment Companies Selling Fund Shares NASD sections may not purchase fund shares at a discount from an underwriter unless the underwriter is also an NASD member. This effectively restricts non-member underwriters from distributing their shares through NASD familys. NASD members must transmit payApplied to the habituate of inducing an investor to purchase a mutual fund on the basis of an impending dividend. The investor was induced to buy the stock based on the impending dividend. However, had the investor waited until ex-dividend date, the price Occurs when a registered representative does not inform a customer about the availability of a Breakpoint Sale sales breakpoint or a LOI. The Anti-Reciprocal Rule of the Prohibits member firms from selling open-end investment company(mutual fund) shares because NASD of commissions received or to be received from the investment company.An underwriter of investment company shares is prohibited from giving a member firm any Special Deals discount above the one specified in the selling agreement for the sale of the shares. If a RR retires, he or she may come to to receive commissions for sales of investment company Continuing Commissions periodic payment plans initiated prior to the retirement if there was a bona fide contract with the persons firm to receive such commissions. Selling Dividends Chapter 13 Investment CompaniesInvestment Company Advertising and Sales Literature SEC Rule 134 Permits the publication of a simple ad describing the basic features of a new issue. Permits the use of ad that describes, in general terms, how investment companies work. The SEC Rule 135A communication must be limited to information re. investment companies in general, or to the nature of investment companies. Permits the publication of an investment company ad that satisfies the definition of a prospectus SEC Rule 482 under certain conditions. This ad may NOT contain an application ot invest in the investment company.SEC Rule 156 Sales Literature Real Estate Investment Trust(REIT) Tax word Difference between cargo hold & Capital Gain Warns that sales literature would be considered misleading if it 1)contained an untrue statement of material item, 2)omitted a material fact that was necessary to make a statement not misleading. Any sales literature re. redeemable investment company securities must be filed with the SEC within 10 days of use. Similar to an investment company but is not considered to be a type of investment company.He manages a portfolio of real estate o riented investments to earn profits for investors. To qualify as a REIT, a company must be set up as a domestic corporation m REITs are the favorable tax treatment given under the REIT Act Amendment to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. If 95% of the ordinary income generated from the portfolio is distributed to investors, REIT is taxed only once. Appreciation An increase in the market price of a security from the purchase price. Capital Gain Recognized when the security is sold and the appreciation is realized.

Bishoy Fanous Writing 102 Professor Riveland

Bishoy Fanous Writing 102 Professor Riveland 9 February 2013 The Meaning of Work When one thinks of meaningful function, generally they think of crusade that accomplishes a certain goal. They think of a prestigious argumentation or occupation that has meaning to it. But meaningful calculate can mean a lot more than just a prestigious job or having meaning to something you do. Meaningful work can be as simple as feeding the birds in the park on a Saturday morning. It can be helping soul out or looking out for someone in need.Meaningful work can be defined as enjoyment of the worker, dedication of the worker to the job, and battle that the worker shows toward his job. When students start to think of jobs, they try to think of something that they would do it doing for the rest of their lives. But instead they end up running after well-paying jobs and prestigious jobs. They feel that society would judge them in a representation that would allot them at the bottom of the job spec trum. So they end up going for a top of the telephone wire jobs that give good salaries entirely at the equivalent prison term are boring or not meaningful to them.Therefore, when it comes to jobs you want something you forget enjoy doing for the rest of your sustenance. You want something that you will satisfy you in life rather then depress you. According to Epstein in the section Work and its Contents from his book he set ups, The most fortunate battalion of all, though, are those for whom the line between work and play gets rubbed out, for whom work is pleasure and pleasure is in work (Epstein, 31). In other words, Epstein believes that your job should be close if not the selfsame(prenominal) as your play time or the time you spend doing what pleases you.This can conclude my point that work that is not enjoyable to the person who is doing it gives it no meaning. It does not matter how prestigious or high paying the job is, if its not enjoyable, then it will not be meani ngful to the person doing it. also we notice in Epsteins quote the part where he says that the line between work and play is rubbed out (Epstein). Basically what he means by that is when you go on with your life doing your hobbies they should be similar, if not close to, what you do as a job for a living.If thats not so, then the work you are doing is not meaningful to you. When it comes to meaningful work, dedication should be at the top of list. Dedication to work is more of a life style, similar for role model a doctors life style is a lot different from an engineers life style. A doctor baron trip up something in a medical track while an engineer might see the same thing in a physical or a mechanical way. A doctor sees things in a certain way because he dedicated most of his time and effort to this cook of life style and in the end he uses it to go through everyday life.The same applies to an engineer and every other employment out there. The profession a person chooses is based on the amount of time and dedication they put in to that field. Dedication can be seen through many people in everyday life. We see it in famous football athletes, movie stars, and horizontal teachers. As the prominent philosopher Malcolm Gla dwells talks about The Beatles and vertex Gates as a little kid and how they were dedicated to what they did before they even got paid for it or it was even their job yet.He mentions how The Beatles when they first started performing it was in a strip club and they would perform for long hours every night together without complaining (Gladwell). Many might disagree and say that dedication should be put in everything you do even your job. But the truth is that many people do their job and then they go on living a different life from what they do at work. They show no form of dedication to what they do in their job at home or when they go out with friends or family. If they show no form of dedication then how is it meaningful work to t hem?Its not, it just another thing they do throughout the day like brushing their teeth or showering just because they have to do it and because its a daily routine. Many people might say that they are dedicated to their job and they enjoy doing what they do for a living, but that does not necessarily mean that their job is meaningful to them. In order for work to be a hundred percent meaningful to the worker he has to be involved in it. Some might ask how can someone enjoy their job and be dedicated to their job but not be involved? The answer is that think of a football player in the National Football League.He might be dedicated to going to every practice and he might enjoy playing football for a living, but when it comes to game time he ends up not playing and sitting on the bench most of the harden. In order for a job to be meaningful to the worker he has to get involved in some way shape or form. Likewise, the football player being benched for most of the season has to find a way to get better. But while he is getting better, he has to be involved in other things on the bench, like studying different plays in the play book or following different skills or techniques of other players on the team.This way he will be bumped up to playing more games in the season and end up getting involved in his job. In Thomas Sowells magazine, Meaningful Work, he talks about acquiring skills, he says that Those relatively few statistics that follow actual flesh-and-blood individuals over time show them moving massively from one income angle bracket to another over time, starting at the bottom and moving up as they acquire skills and experience (Sowell, 2). In making this comment, Sowell urges us to work our way up.He urges us to get involved in what we do in order for us to get the skills we need and move up in our work field. advertize more going back to involvement, Sowell talks about how statistics show that some people start off with no skills or experiences. But o ver time through involvement in their field of work or study, they gain the skills or experiences they need to move up in their job or their income. This shows that without involvement in what you do for a living you can not have meaningful work or work that gives meaning to what you do.After reading this people might say that enjoyment, dedication, and involvement are not the only things that make work meaningful. But that living up to your goals is what defines meaningful work. I would answer and say that even though that could be a way to define meaningful work it has to involve one of these three topics because a persons goal will never be to live miserable, but it would be to enjoy life. This can show that my commentary of meaningful work is valid because whatever other way a person might want to define meaningful work. They will end up having to satisfy one f these three topics in their definition of meaningful work in order for it to be a valid and acceptable definition. In conclusion, meaningful work can not just be work that you do for a salary or prestigious. But it has to be work that you enjoy doing everyday. It has to be work that you are dedicated to doing even if the job has a risk to it. Last but not least it has to be work that involves you in some way, not just a job that you go to, to get paid from. If the job you do does not involve one of these three things, then it can not be meaningful to you as a worker.It would be better off for you to not go through the struggle of getting that job, then getting to that job and noticing that it gave no meaning to your life in the sense of working. Work Cited Epstein, Joseph. Work and It Contents. Once More Around the Block. New York Norton, 1987. Print. Meaningful Work Comes from Passion, Not Genius. Perf. Malcolm Gladwell. Meaningful Work Comes from Passion, Not Genius. Bnet. com, 29 Nov. 2008. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Sowell, Thomas. Meaningful Work. NationalReview. com29 May 2012 Web.

Proposal Truancy Essay

Truancy screwing be defined as (a) phenomenon where student skip classes or lectures without permission or acceptable reason. Lately, we observed that every case-by-case class that we attended has students who skipped lectures. In other words, the classes never have a full attendance. We realised that this matter has be total a serious hassle in UTM. The lecturers be also concerned regarding this trend because they feel that this problem could affect the students performance.According to the UTMs examination regulations, student who come less(prenominal) than 80% of their attendance are barred from taking final examination. However, in veritable cases, some lecturers do not amaze the attendance seriously. Consequently, some students would take advantage of this situation and did not attend their classes. Therefore, as part of UTMs students, we decided to treat this problem seriously by conducting a research near truancy problem among UTMs student. 2. Statement of problem The p roblem arises when the student feels that they do not need to attend classes as they manage to study on their own. excessively that, some students do not have the motivation to go to class because they think that the class itself is not interesting. To tackle this problem, we want to know the cause of truancy, especially to the students performance throughout the semester. Moreover, we would like to know the students and lecturers opinions regarding this matter. These are the main questions that need to be answered in order to solve or come out with a solution to this problem. 3. Objective of the research The purpose of this research is to determine how frequently students do not attend their classes throughout the semester.In addition, we would like to compare the CGPA between students who come to classes and those who do not come to classes. Furthermore,the research give explore what the students did when they do not attend classes. The scope of this study is limited to the UTMs lecturers and students. At the end of this research, we allow recommend useful solutions on how to slackening the truancy problem among UTM students. 4. query question 1. What are the reasons for students to play truant? 1. 4. 2 What the effects of truancy on students? 1. 4. What is the CGPA between students who come to classes and those who dont? 1. 4. 4 What students are doing when they dont attend classes? 1. 4. 5 What are the subjects that students often like to skip? 1. 4. 6 When is the time students mostly skipped their classes. Is it morning, afternoon,or evening? 1. 4. 7 What can be d unmatched to ease truancy problem? 5. Significant Study Many good outcome or profit we can obtain by conducting this research. One of them is to create sensory faculty among UTM students on how important it is to attend classes so that they can improve their grades.Next, it is easy for lecturers to recognize students who are weak and be able to help them. Besides that, it can make learnin g process in class more interesting as student can participate by asking question or give opinion to the whole class. Moreover, it would be a waste of money because student pay for their tuition fees which is not cheap that is RM 700. Lastly, it impart also benefit students in the future especially during their working days. This is because it can avoid them from easily getting fired by their employers for not coming to works. 6. Scope of look forIn order to collect data,60 questionaire will be distributed among the students from three faculty which is Faculty of Electrical Engineering ,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Faculty of Civil Engineering. Whilst,the interrogate is limited to 6 students from Faculty of Electrical Engineering which three of them are the type of student who always skipped classes and the others are the type that always attended classes. Besides that,we will interview 4 lecturers only from Faculty of Electrical Engineering. The observation will be carr ied out in our section which is Section 02,3SEE,Faculty of Electrical Engineering. . Research Methodology In this research,we will considering two sources which is primary sources and secondary sources for data collection among the respondents. The primary sources would be base on questionnaire,interview and observation. On the other hand,we will collect the additional information from journal,newspaper,textbook and article from internet about truancy problem to support out primary data. 1. 7. 1Primary data Our primary data will be from questionaire,interview and observation. In order to know why this problem oocur in the first place, weve decided to sk the students directly by asking them to answer questionaire regarding the matter. 60 questionaires will be distributed among the student. In addition, weve come up with the method for collecting information from the students and lecturers which will be by interviewing them directly. We will be interviewing two types of students . The first one will be the type of students who always follow the rules, that is in this case, never skipped lectures. Then,We will ask he or she why he or she never skipped any classes and we will ask their performance throughout the semester as well.Meanwhile, for the second type of students who always skipped and missed classes, we will ask them why they decided to do this and what they actually do during the time they skipped the classes. Furthermore,we will interview some of the lecturers about their opinion regarding to this problem and ask them on the solution how to alleviate truancy among UTMs students. Besides that,we will also collect data and information through observations. This will be carried out by observing the attendance of students in certain clasess as well in particular period of time.Firstly, we will count the number of students in the class and then, we will ask permission from the lecturer to satisfy the attendance list at the end of the class. This is to ensur e that the number of students in the class correlates with the total number of students who sign in the attendance list as sometimes students ask their friend to sign on their behalf. From these observations, we aim to know when is the time students mostly skipped their classes, whether it is in the morning, afternoon or in the evening.Then, we hope to come up with a reasonable conclusion based on the data obtained as well as to think of some measures to encounter this problem. 1. 7. 2 second-string Data Besides collecting data from the primary sources,we will also find the additional information about truancy from journal,newspaper,textbook and article from internet. All of these references are categorised as secondary data. Furthermore,from all of the secondary resources we obtained,we will paraphrasing and summarizing the material in order for us to enhance better understanding on this research.

Was the Reconstruction Period a Failure

Was Reconstruction a failure? As the bloody polished War drew to a close, the bound of reconstructive memory began to take shape across the states. in that respect were many questions aroused following the struggle regarding the physical re-building of the nation, demobilisation and most importantly what was to replace the pre-war average of slavery? Americas position on the latter, was of course both vague, with differing opinions from the North to the S pop outh, these differences which should contribute been settled with the outcome of the Civil War meant the war on the battlefield had transgressed to champion on a social and political level.How invariably as Michael Les Benedict quite aptly states that winning had been more important than figuring out what to do afterwards, which resulted in a sporadic reconstruction being forced by dissimilar motives. When looking at how successful the Reconstruction goal was in America one should consider the intentions behind such Reco nstructing, this poses the question therefore of whether the period was one of rebuilding relations between the North and the southernmost or between the slaves and citizens?This essay will look at therefore the attempt at creating an increasingly harmonious nation with the interruption of unstoppable de facto discrimination that make reconstruction a void period. When discussing the reconstruction around decide to begin with the Emancipation Proclamation where Lincoln addressed the nation on 1st January 1863 I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves at heart said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free. This of course was the primary leap into the unknown, however as this was not passed through Congress and there only being a few states states emancipated renders 1863 as an ineffectual starting come across for the Reconstruction period. However what was important during this time was the role of African Americans in the war which shaped their position in post-war America. By the wars end, some 180,000 slows had served in the Union Army. Although there was severe dissatisfaction over conscription, the opportunities offered in the army was the foundation for the move towards equality.Primarily it was an opportunity for Afro-Americans to prove their capability and ability to be condition this allowed them to be seen as equals, as equal as possible as the time. Although slavery was still legally intact, in the summer of 1862 General Butler began substitute a system of compensated labour, Butlers recognition of military status of black soldiers was an example of the positive outcome of the war, and what impact It had on integrating even though most of the soldiers spoke scornfully of niggers there was an un-admitted truth that the war could not have been won without the help of the Negros.Learning from the military integration and catamenia the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865 saw the true beginning o f the reconstruction period and as a result there was an increase of active liaison of African-Americans in society. Local leaders played such a variety of roles in schools, churches, and fraternal organizations that were bridges to the larger world of politics. The primary source of stake was through the parishes however Afro-Americans were soon able to work their way further as in 1865 John S.Rock of Boston was the first black lawyer admitted to the measuring stick of the Supreme Court, this showed that slowly the Norths racial barriers began to fall. This positive reposition not only saw the increased integration of blacks within the judicial branch, however also in the executive, among the ablest were Robert B. Elliott of southmost Carolina and John R. Lynch of Mississippi. Both were speakers of their state House of Representatives and were members of the U. S. Congress. However such was short lived due to the ever increasing violence from the Ku Klux Klan this shows tha t the restoration was express mail to the North.As previously mentioned the 13th Amendment was a milestone in the road to freedom or blacks, however the amendment closed one question only to open a host of others. This was because although freed on paper and equal under the law, Afro-Americans were not quite regarded as equal under the eye of society. The federal government therefore set up a protective organisation the Freedmans Bureau which meant there was a freer attitude towards render money for plantation equipment, clothing, and food, including salt, bacon, and other necessities for the Negros. The was a successful outcome of the Bureau, however there was obvious weaknesses within the Bureau, commenting on the organisation, a citizen expresses that it would have been wise if our statesmen could have received, digested and acted upon the answers these men blacks gave to their questions. This suggested the nonchalant attitude the bureau had towards the emancipated slaves, r endering the establishment of a new animateness increasingly difficult without federal aid.Further evidence of the federals certified willingness to give aid can be seen through their attitude as for a while northerners regarded the proposed Fourteenth Amendment as an incredibly lenient settlement of the Civil War. Prior to this the Civil Rights Act had been passed in 1866 which declared that every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, draw out as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right. This shows that had the 14th amendment seen to be too radical then the grandness of the Civil Rights Act had not been thoroughly enforced of accepted. Years before the end of slavery, black abolitionist Charles L. Reason had predicted that emancipation would impose severe trials upon the freedman. This vaticination of course was one of great clarity as during the reconstruction pe riod there was a general neglect of emancipated slaves and a re-establishment and maintenance of tweed supremacy.The neglect can be seen though the inefficiency to support the released slaves and their struggle during the reconstruction period, finding employment and housing, food, clothes and medicine for the flow of refugees into the Department was almost impossible. There was such little prospect for a freed slave that the result was to work practically how life had been previous to the 13th Amendment just without chains or to go through involved with sharecropping which resulted in the increase of Tenant farming. Planters had no desire to further economic democracy, white or black, and no confidence that freedman could farm successfully independent of whites. The lack of confidence in the freed man bears question to what it was really the Civil War was fought for. In 1861, the restoration of the Union, not emancipation, was the cause that generated the widest support for the war effort, this supports the evidence that there was a lack of concern for the emancipated slaves, as this was not at the forefront of Americans objectives.Quite a profound contribution to the failure of the reconstruction period was none the less than the president at the time, Andrew Jackson. Following the assassination of Lincoln was the beginning of the end for the Reconstruction period as Jacksons interpretation of reconstruction was a reflection of his southern prejudices. Jackson excluded blacks from politics, in fact excluded numerous problems from his time in office Johnson had eternally believed in limited government and a strict construction of the Constitution.In Congress, he had moved to reduce the salaries of government workers, voted against aid to famine-stricken Ireland, and even opposed appropriations to pave Washingtons abstruse streets. This could either be expound as laissez faire methods of rule or negligence. Although the Civil Rights Act did eventually get passed this was with no thanks to President Johnson, who during what was meant to be the restoration period vetoed it twice meaning its eventual passing through congress was due to an overall majority vote from his cabinet.The lack of the presidents intervention, or acceptance of the Sherman-Johnston intellect reflected the lenience accepted by the executive at the time as it was agreed that the executive authority of the government of the United States not to disturb by reason of the late war so long as they live in peace and quiet. This meant very liberal treatment of the ex-rebels of the Civil War. The leniency toward the de-mobilisation of the South meant it possible for the same people, the same issues that had precipitated the great war to remain. This therefore making the restoration of slavery further possible, rather opposite to the original intentions of restoration, it was what Les Benedict described as the death of the Confederate reconstruction. Laura Towne repor ted that the freedman would not believe that Lincoln was dead as he was the foundation for the emancipation of the slaves and one who had revolutionist visions at a time of prevalent discrimination. As previously mentioned, Afro-Americans were increasingly getting involved in positions and society however this was not true to everyone and was decidedly not on the increase. Cleveland County, North Carolina, counted 200 black members of biracial Methodist churches in 1860, ten in 1867, and none five years later. There is a recurring trend of the laissez faire method of rule or negligence towards the Afro-Americans during the reconstruction period. Under President Ulysses S. Grant the state produced less forms of reconstructive policies to protect the blacks from a prejudice society. He had won election in 1868 by urging, let us have peace, and he had not intervened in the South until Klan violence had forced his hand. This shows the executives turning a blind eye towards the violen ce and discrimination that prevailed throughout the reconstruction period. Not only was there negligence towards high-minded protection for the emancipated slaves, but there were further restrictions implemented on their freedom such as the Black Codes Sec. 3. Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said Negro. This shows that although black slaves were meant to have been emancipated, there was always the clause of being emancipated under the control of the white man.The fact the white man had control over the emancipated slave made freed life sometimes harder than the days of slavery. Additionally although the 15th amendment was passed with the intention of enabling the emancipated the privilege of the vote, it was not long followed by the restrictive Jim Crow laws which had further conditional relation into the post-Reconstruction period and into the twentieth century. The Crow laws not only made it impossible for makes to ascertain suffrage due to the Grandfather Clause, but enabled de facto segregation.The reconstruction period was not only a failure due to the legislation or lack of legislation, but the economic depression resulted in the first great crisis of industrial capitalism permanently altering the nature of economic enterprise, and had profound political and ideological consequences. This meant that due to economic hardship there was a decrease in almsgiving towards the Negro who had nothing compared with the white man who had nothing. By the end of 1874 nearly half the nations iron furnaces had suspended operation The reconstruction period was one that saw a plethora of legislative change, however not all for the better.There were many empty promises directed at the emancipated slaves, however liberated is not the correct term to use. The emancipated slaves saw little to no improvement in their lives, and not only were the reconstruction a failure with regards astir(p) relations between North and South it was a failure with repairing relations between the slave and the citizen. The fact the reconstruction period was so short and its final stage reverted back to previous times renders the reconstruction period a failure. There remained the underlying intentions, just lacked motivation to implement the reconstruction of the United states.Additionally these intentions derived from a fistful of just minded thinkers such as Lincoln, however there were too many, with great power who were not yet ready to accept the equality that was preached to distinctly in the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th amendment. Therefore as there was such little actual change when reflected against how much legislative change at Washington makes the Reconstruction period a failure as perception, treatment and understanding of a different race did not improve.

Super Resolution Mapping To Determine Shoreline Position Environmental Sciences Essay

Coastal zone and shoreline monitoring is an of import undertaking in sustainable increase and environmental protection. For coastal zone monitoring, shoreline extraction in different times is a cardinal institute. Features of H2O, flora and dirt make the usage of the interprets that contain gross and infr ard sets widely employ for coastline function Conventionally, photogrammetric proficiency is employed to map the tide-coordinated shoreline from the aerial exposure that are taken when the H2O degree r to each onees the coveted degree. On site study taken at these H2O degrees are more expensive to obtain than distant feeling imagination. With the development of distant feeling engineering, orbiters canister capture high-resolution imagination with the capableness of bring forthing shoreline place.In recent old ages, satellite remote feeling selective randomness has been used in automatonlike or semi- automatic shoreline extraction and function. Braud and Feng ( 1998 ) evalu ated threshold degree slice and multi-spectral take care variety techniques for sensing and word picture of the Louisiana shoreline from 30 m spacial resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper ( TM ) imagination. They found that thresholding TM forget me drug 5 was the most dep residualable methodological analysis. Frazier and Page ( 2000 ) quantitatively analyzed the categorization truth of H2O organic structure sensing and word picture from Landsat TM informations in the Wagga part in Australia. Their experiments indicated that the denseness slice of TM Band 5 achieved an overall truth of 96.9 per centum, which is every bit successful as the 6-band maximal likelihood categorization. Besides multi-spectral orbiter imagination, SAR imagination has besides been used to sop up out shorelines at assorted geographic locations ( Niedermeier, et Al. 2000 Schw & A auml bisch et Al. 2001 ) . While the really all right spacial firmness detectors ( e.g. IKONOS ) offers increased spacial d eclaration, the imagination from much(prenominal) systems is frequently inappropriate for many users, peculiarly if a big country is to be mapped ( Mumby and Edwards, 2002 ) . Therefore, if constrained to utilize fine-to-mode step spacial declaration ( 0.10 m ) imagination, there is a desire to map the irrigate line at a subpixel graduated table. In such state of affairss the purpose is, hence, to generalise a map that depicts the typical of involvement at a graduated table finer than the informations set from which it was derived, which may be achieved through a super-resolution analysis ( Tatem et al. 2001, Verhoeye and De Wulf 2002 ) .3.2 Test siteThe work focused on a 38 kilometer stretch of along a seashore off the North West Cape in the northwestwarderly west seashore of Western Australia ( Figure 3.1 ) . The shoreline was characterized by different beaches such as flaxen beaches, muddy and drop and facing to the Exmouth Gulf in the Indian Ocean. Exmouth Gulf is really shallow, with an mean deepness of about 10 m and northerly confronting drowned river vale in northwest Australia reverse estuarine embayment on the northwest shelf of Australia. The tidal scope is less than 2 m and varies little amongst neap and spring tides.The Exmouth part is exposed to preponderantly south to south air veritables throughout the twelvemonth ( Bureau of Meteorology, 1988 Lough, J.M. , 1998. Coastal clime of northwest Australia and comparings with the Great Barrier Reef 1960 to 1992. Coral Reefs 17, pp. 351-367. Full Text via CrossRef View magnetic disk in Scopus Cited By in Scopus ( 10 ) Lough, 1998 ) . During spring and summer by and large moderate ( 21-30 kilometers per hour ) southward winds dominate, and fall and winter records show by and large lighter ( 11-20 kilometers per hour ) air current velocities with fluctuations between the dominant sou-east air current and north to northeast air currents. The air current government is controlled chiefly by t he interplay of the southeasterly trade air current system and the west coast-generated sea zephyr, in concurrence with a local sea zephyr developed within the Gulf.australia1-edit.JPGFigure 3.1 Location of shoreline trial site ( shaded ) and selected as had scope of morphologies in a survey country.3.3 Data setsThe survey used a series of harsh spacial declaration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) take tos over survey site to bring forth a ace declaration chain. For this survey, the shoreline was defined as the place of the boundary between H2O and land at the clip satellite typery acquisition.The NOAA series of orbiters which each carry the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ( AVHRR ) detector. These detectors collect mercurial information on a day-to-day footing for a assortment of land, ocean, and atmospheric applications. Specific applications include forest fire sensing, flora analysis, weather analysis and prediction, climate look and antici pation, planetary sea surface temperature measurings, ocean kineticss research and pursuit and deliverance ( CCRS, 1998 ) .3.3.1 AVHRR detector featuresAVHRR informations set is comprised of informations collected by the AVHRR detector and held in the archives of the Geoscience Australia. Carried aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations ( NOAA ) arctic domaining Environmental Satellite series, the AVHRR detector is a broad-band, 4- or 5-channel scanning radiometer, feeling in the seeable, near-infrared, in-between infrared and thermic infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It provides planetary on board aggregation of informations over a 2399 kilometer swath. The detector orbits the Earth 14 times each twenty-four hours from an height of 833 kilometer. In this survey, NOAA cooking stoves acquired from Geoscience Australia and NOAA antenna in Alice Springs permits acquisition of twenty-four hours and night-time rump on ballss. There are usually about two day-time base on ballss per orbiter and two night-time base on ballss per orbiter. The detector parametric quantities as shown knock back 3.1. Merely informations acquired in Channel 2 ( 0.725 1.00 m ) was used for this survey because land H2O boundaries clearly seen on the image. Table 3.2 shows an AVHRR Spectral Characteristics.Table 3.1 Spacecraft ParametersSwath breadth2399kmResolution at low-water mark1.1km approx.Altitude833kmQuantization10 spotOrbit typeSun synchronalNumber of orbits per twenty-four hours14.1 ( approx. )Table 3.2 AVHRR Spectral CharacteristicsChannel No.WavelengthTypical usageNOAA-15, 16, 17, 18 ( m )10.58 0.68 solar day cloud and surface function20.725 1.00Land-water boundaries3N/A night cloud function, sea surface temperature3A1.58 1.64Snow and ice sensing3B3.55 3.93Night cloud function, sea surface temperature410.30 11.30Night cloud function, sea surface temperature511.50 12.50Sea surface temperature3.3.2 Reference DataLandsat TM information o f the North West Cape, Australia was acquired on 24 August 2007 with a spacial declaration 30 m ( Figure 3.2 ) . The Landsat way was 115 and WRS Row 075 were geometrically corrected and georeferenced to WGS 84 ( universe co-ordinate system ) .o Georeference imagination is defined imagination which has been corrected to take geometric mistakes and transformed to a map projection. Georeferenced image rectification can take one of the two signifiers, systematic and preciseness. Systematic rectification involves utilizing orbital theoretical tarradiddles of the orbiter plus telemetry informations to happen the approximate affinity between the image and the map coordinates. Precision rectification uses land control academic degrees to register the image to absolute geographical co-ordinates. In other words, in a geo-referenced image the pels and lines are non aligned to the map projection grid geo-referenced image the pels and lines are non aligned to the map projection grid.A Landsa t 5 TM guessing has an instantaneous field of position ( IFOV ) of 30 m by 30 m ( 900 square metres ) in bands 1 through 5 and band 7, and an IFOV of great hundred m by 120 m ( 14,400 square metres ) on the land in set 6. Merely band 4 ( 0.76 0.90 m ) was used for soak up a shoreline.landsat1.JPGFigure 3.2 Landsat 5 TM informations over study country. Acquired day of the month 24 August 20073.4 MethodIn the context of ace declaration techniques, it is assumed that several harsh spacial images can be combined into a individual all right spacial image to increase the spacial declaration content. The harsh spacial images can non all be indistinguishable and there must be some fluctuation between them, such as translational apparent motion analogue to the image plane ( most common ) , some other type of gesture ( rotary motion, traveling off or toward the camera ) , or different screening angles. In general, ace declaration can be broken down into two wide parts I ) enrollment of t he alterations between the harsh spacial images, and two ) Restoration, or synthesis, of the harsh spacial images into a all right spacial image this is a abstract categorization merely, as sometimes the two stairss are performed at the same time.In this survey, the aim is to bring forth all right spacial declaration image from multiple harsh declaration images. Fine spacial declaration image has been applied with object designation methods which may build with regard to image enrollment and super-resolution building. All parametric quantities are used iteratively and do object designation secured from mistake response and been processed in hardiness, accurate and preciseness manner.3.4.1. kitchen stove RegistrationImage enrollment is the procedure of covering two or more images of the same scene taken at different times, from different point of views or by different detectors. Image enrollment is a important measure in all image analysis undertakings in which the concluding info rmation is gained from the combination of assorted informations beginnings like in image merger. Image enrollment consists of following four measure characteristic sensing, characteristic matching, transform theoretical account appraisal and image resampling and vicissitude.i. Geometric RegistrationThe geometric deformations present in airborne remotely perceived images may be categorized into system- fencesitter and system-dependent deformations. The system independent deformations are caused by the gesture of the detector and by surface alleviation. Figure 3.3 shows on voice of images which are related by a planar projective transmutation or alleged planar homography. There are two different state of affairss where ( a ) images of a plane viewed under arbitrary camera gesture and ( B ) image of an arbitrary 3D scene viewed by a camera revolving about its ocular Centre or zooming.Figure 3.3 Two imaging scenarios for which the image-to-image correspondence is captured by a plana r homography ( Capel and Zimmerman, 2003 )Under a planar homography, points are mapped as ten = Hx, where ten correspondence point of mention points x in other image and H is a 9 transmutations projection. The different of planar homography based on transmutation matrix attack belowor equivalently ( 3.1 )ten = HxThe tantamount non-homogeneous relationship is( 3.2 )The scenario depicts in which homography will happen when a freely traveling camera views a really distant scene, such instance in airborne remote sansing ( Forte and Jones, 1999 ) .( two ) Photometric RegistrationPhotometric enrollment refers to the process by which planetary photometric transmutations between images are estimated. This enrollment traveling to use a theoretical account which allows for an affine transmutation ( contrast and brightness ) per RGB shows below.3.3formula3.GIFWhere, r1, g1, b1 are RGB channel in image 1 while r2, g2, b2 indicate RGB channel in image 2. Matrix A is used to calculate the rem ainder of brightness and contrast ? .Image enrollment of homography image concludes in Figure 3.4, last two stairss iterate until the figure of itelaration is stable.method.GIFFigure 3.4 Procedure to gauge a homography between two images.In order to deduce ace declaration image utilizing multiple series of low declaration images, all images need to register at the same time and corrections may easy implemented. Block bundle accommodation traveling to be considered as the best calculator to calculate all braces of back-to-back frames in the comment sequence. Parameters such as interlingual renditions, rotary motions, graduated table, contrast and brightness, characteristic base enrollment, RANSAC ( RANdom SAmple Consensus ) and fiting could be done at the same time in every image brace.Generative image formation theoretical account is the best image formation algorithms which may see geometric transmutation of n images, point spread map which uniting effects of optical fuzz and gest ure fuzz, down-sampling floozie by a factor S where trying rate traveling to be entree, scalar light parametric quantities and observation noise. This theoretical account is generalized as followsformula4.GIFf = mulct spacial declaration imagegn = nth observed harsh spacial declaration image?n = geometric transmutation of n-th imageH = point dispersed mapsv = down-sampling operator by a factor S?n, ?n = scalar light parametric quantities?n = observation noise3.5 Hard categorizationTo distinguish between land and H2O organic structure a difficult classifier was applied to the fake coarse spacial declaration orbiter detector imagination. The maximal likeliness difficult classifier used to sort the harsh spacial declaration imagination ( NOAA AVHRR ) . The same conceptualization sites used in sorting the all right spacial declaration image ( cite informations ) were used ( Figure 4.5 ) . Using these developing sets the 20 m imagination was classified to 2 categories ( land and H2O ) . The resulting image ( Figure 3.7 ) would subsequently be analysed to find the positional mistake between the predicted shoreline location and the existent location based on the land informations.densitynooa.jpg( a )densitylandsat.jpg( B )Figure 3.5 ( a ) 1100 m spacial declaration and ( B ) 30 thousand spacial declaration classified imagination3.7 kooky Categorization problematical categorization techniques have been popular in distant feeling but they merely assign one kinsperson to a certain pel ( Jensen, 1996 ) . As shoreline pels normally contain a mixture of land and H2O categories, information within a pel is lost. A major job for accurate rendition of distant feeling informations is related to the fact that pels may incorporate more than 2 categories which would merely be realised from land activities ( Foody, 1992. To turn to this job research workers have developed methods to deduce estimations of the sub-pixel category composing through the usage of techniques such as mixture modeling and meek or fuzzed categorizations ( Foody, 1996 ) . Soft classifiers allow pels to hold variable grades of browse to multiple categories. Soft classifiers assign a rank class between 0 and 1 to each category in a pel. This allows a pel to be associated to multiple categories instead than merely to one category as in conventional difficult classifiers.The end product of the soft categorization for each pel was an indicant of the comparative rank to the two categories and, in the country where rank was greatly assorted, this was taken as an estimation of the relative screen of the constituent categories ( figure 3 ) .noaa.jpglegend.GIFFigure 3.6 End product of soft categorization. The gray graduated table indicates the grade of rank to the land category.3.8 Super declaration MapingThe water line was mapped from the ace declaration image generate from the series of harsh spacial declaration image.. The same preparation sites were used in all the categorizations. As a benchmark, a conventional difficult categorization was used to foretell the water line from the fake image. The water line was fitted to the derived end product of this categorization by weaving it between pels allocated to the different categories.sr.JPG( a )density_sr.JPG( B )sr.JPG( degree Celsius )Figure 3.7 Ace declaration technique ( a ) individual image ( B ) difficult categorization of ace declaration image ( degree Celsius ) water line word picture.3.tif ( a )5.tif ( B )12a.tif ( degree Celsius )15a.tif ( vitamin D )20.tif ( vitamin E )20.tif ( degree Fahrenheit )Figure 3.8 End product of ace declaration technique ( a ) 3 images ( B ) 5 images ( degree Celsius ) 12 images ( vitamin D ) 15 images ( vitamin E ) 30 images ( degree Fahrenheit ) 50 images.3.8 Positional Error AnalysisEnd product from a difficult and soft categorization produces images with pels values stand foring the proportion of a certain category within pels. But it does non bespeak where within a pelthese categories are located. To turn to this job, methods of administering the proportion within each pel to different categories were explored.The truth of shoreline maps generated at each spacial declaration from application of the difficult categorization, soft categorization and ace declaration method from multiple images were analysed for survey country ( Figure 3.1 ) . For each infusion and coarse-spatial declaration image, the truth of the shoreline anticipation derived was determined by comparing the to the Landsat 5 TM informations for every meter of the shoreline ( Table 3.3 ) The positional truth along the 38km length of shoreline in each infusion is shown inTable 3.3 Positional truth of the each method.MethodHard ClassificationSoft CategorizationSuper ResolutionRMSE ( m )72.2 m32.1 m1 image 14.8 m3 Images 7.21 m5 Images 6.25 m12 Images 5.33 m15 Images 5.17 m30 Images 5.08 m50 Images 8.07MeasureRSME ( m )

Mcgregors Theories X and Y

Compare McGregors scheme X and Theory Y style of leadership and consider the types of organizations in which each style of leadership might be nigh appropriate. Douglas McGregor devised his concept of Theory X and Theory Y in the USA in the 1950s utilize a survey of managers, which he then proposed in his book, The Human Side of Enterprise in the 1960s. Theory X states that a manager distrusts his subordinates, believes they dont enjoy cast and therefore moldiness be breakled.Theory Y, on the separate hand, speculates that a manager believes their employees enjoy work and wish to contribute, the manager is therefore to a greater extent likely to include them in the decision making process and employ a more democratic style of leadership (Marcousse 2003). The deuce theories are not opposite ends of one spectrum, but preferably twain separate lines of continuum that describes the attitude and perception a manager has of their employees. The type of motivation that the employe es receive from their manager is devour to their management style.These Theories match up with Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. McGregor makes the point that the way in which a manager runs and controls his team has massive impacts on the happiness in employees, relating to esteem and self actualisation. These are twain factors of motivation mentioned by Maslow in his theory. In comparing these two theories, X and Y, we must take into chronicle contrary factors that may affect the two ideas and how they may do so in different scenarios or places of work.The general idea is that Theory Y is the path of the enlightened manager (Chapman 1995) who runs a democratic variate of leadership, and that it receives better results than theory X, whose manager employs more of an autocratic dictatorship. However this cannot always be believed. In different cases a manager may do better in his work to tell employees the best and some effective way to complete a task, knowing through experience. F W Taylor (1856-1917) believed in efficiency and complete control of a task provided to the manager.This idea related to such methods as the assembly line, a process modest down into simple tasks and completed individually by a group of workers along a line. utilise by such companies as Ford in the early 1900s, in producing cars, this method gave great results, in time keeping workers motivated was difficult, part of Taylors method was to devise a pay scheme to pay back those who complete or beat tough output targets, but penalize those who cannot, or willing not, acquire the productivity Taylor believed was possible. (pg 218) For the manager, Theory X is a self fulfilling method, the workers are likely to develop a pretermit in inte equipoise in their work and do it solely for the wage (Marcousse 2003). There are two scenarios in which Theory X can escape a degree of criticism for producing a wish of motivation from its workers(Marcousse 2003). The part time worker has part ially already given in to the idea that they will not be receiving much independence and delegation of responsibility.This is due to the amount of time they consider perpetrate to their work. For example, a part time security guard might be asked to stand guard on a gate for an hour every morning to let personnel through, however once they have completed this task they are unlikely to achieve much more than changing the channel on their TV. The parentage simply requires a pair of eyes at one point in the morning, and the rest of the time they are simply on call.There is no enjoyment or form of learning with this job the part time worker is simply there to take home some money at the end of the month, satisfying his basic needs for financial security, a mutual understanding between employer and employee. A large majority of the time there is little for the security guard to watch over. When something does arise that requires more attention, someone of higher authority is only a ph one call away.In this, theory X is the reasonable management style, as to use theory Y would mean a greater chance of mistakes universe made by someone who doesnt have the same experience and qualifications as the elected official. The other scenario is in a moment of chaos (Marcousse 2003). At this point, due to the limited time scale in such moments, someone needs to take full control and make quick decisive decisions. such(prenominal) a case is easily understood when put into the confines of an army unit under fire.Someone must give direct orders to keep the enemy under pressure and move their men to safety, or compositors case either death or capture. Theory Y would consume too much time to beware to all possible ideas and make a decision, with young men who have been trained to take orders rather than come up with them. Efficiency is the key in this scenario, Taylor would be completely right in fully grown total control to a senior soldier to try and ensure the safety of h is soldiers. Encouraging an employee to work for a great amount of time during the week or without the threat of danger

A Beautiful Planet in Pakistan Essay

Planet 94 is the first 24/7 face radio frequency, entertaining listeners of capital of Pakistan/ Rawalpindi, Lahore and Karachi with all genres of music from Techno to Hip Hop, Grunge to Indy rock, Jazz to Metal and many others. Planet 94s is primarily to promote quality music and to encourage and represent youth by being a platform to raise their voice and be heard. It was established in the capital in 2009 under the umbrella of Radio Pakistan. Planet 94s is primarily subjected to the young blood. This duct is specially created for youth, for poser for the universities and colleges student. If they look at talent then they should come forward and show their skills. This channel is completely in face. All the programs atomic number 18 held in English in addition, this is the first Pakistani Radio channel which is freely available on American telephones. The programs which argon run by channel they all are really very evoke and sweet to listen. All radio jockeys talk in Englis h.Now the question arises Why Planet 94 is in English voice communication? Because English is a popular language and it is very well verbalise and understood. It is the language in which there is a lot of scientific knowledge. I think English language is the national language of the world. Thats why planet 94 started its broadcasting in English. People are very much interested in this channel because it provides all the fun which throng are in need of. Planet 94 also accepts feedback of their programs. Planet 94 also gives commentary of different sports for example cricket matches and football matches etc. The thing I love the most about the channel is that they holler different celebrities from Hollywood and give them invitations to join the program as a guest.See more rest Deprivation Problem Solution Speech EssayMost of the celebrities accept the proposals and listeners enjoy their gossips and also chew the fat them via mobile phones or PTCL when the celebrities come as a g uest. As I said before that this channel is specially created for the youth of Pakistan. There are many programs which are related to youth and young boys and girls discover pleasure when they listens the programs. People get many benefits when they listening planet 94. The main advantage is improvement in English language, especially development of listening skills. English is the language that is very important for ordinary citizens as it is the mode of communication in many fields.This program provides an opportunity for theaudience to develop their skills in the English language. This channel gives proper and authentic information. Before the arrival of this Planet the people who preferred to listen to English transmission only, had lost interest in radio. But after this channel was introduced, the situation completely changed and people once again begin to lend their ears to radio broadcasting. The programs which are shown by planet 94 are unique and different and the names of the programs are Celebrity at 10, Club Fanatics, Soothing Sundays, Party Starter, The awakening, the break, night creatures, these all programs are wonderful programs. People listen to radio on their cell phones and also on internet. In the end I would like to say that may God give more supremacy to this channel and it may flourish more.

Mest Profile Essay

Com-101-024 February 24, 2013 The smell of molding laundry everlastingly filled the air at my cousin Rachels old Blue Island house. As we walked down the dark, narrow, screech stairs, we all knew werent allowed down there but we somehow always stumbled down into the basement where my ofttimes older cousin Joeys room and hang show up was. He was rarely home when my child Haley and I slept over, so all three of us would rummage through his things.We were always told not to crimson come close to touching his great deal equipment but we never really listened to that. We later found out about a man named Tony Lovato, my cousins semi-good friend with whom he jammed out with every(prenominal) once in a while. Many know of this man as the lead singer to the band Mest, a pop-punk band that was founded in 1995. Even though he had a good position in the medical specialty field he didnt quite fork over that same outcome with his past.This musician seemed to have had a rather offensive taste of peers when he was younger. When Lovato was 13 he was involved in a white supremacist band called Confederate Storm, here is where he started his music career as a drummer. Although he didnt join the band because he was racist, he definitely grew into the crowd. Before Tony Lovato moved to Blue Island he lived in a predominately black neighborhood, where he had an African American girlfriend.He had stated that the other band members before became skin heads because it was the fashion statement at the time, after a while the sub-cultures racism influenced their music and lifestyles. After a few years of being in that type of group he opinionated that it wasnt right and it wasnt for him. Apparently the movie American History X strongly excite these discriminatory individuals because as soon as he left the group he was jumped for befriending those of different races.

Corrections Trend Evaluation

This paper is the generators evaluation based on research of past, present, and future chastening trends In gaze to the development and Implementation of institutional and association based corrections. in that respect Is an urgent deficiency to revamp the antediluvial practice of the crime control methodology. The scramble hard-bitten on crime come on posits harsh sentencing lawfulnesss that domain non- cutthroat wrongdoers to harsh sentencing laws.This has dramatic all in ally contri onlyed to escalated prison house house populations. Reallocation and retri merelyion is ineffective and has resulted in in high spirits recidivism targets. In equal to(predicate) replenishment programs that lack proper funding and substance and long classical excoriates make prison a revolving doorstep for those flimflams who lack family support in ask to financial and moral support. Convicted felons argon non likely to amaze suitable employment because they lack the skill or viable training to prep be them for reintegration into familiarity.The get tough on crime, or crime control method of Justice is a turn out failure and the corrections constitution is faced with the task f revamping the outline that reduces be and addresses rehabilitation in serious manner. The lurch to alternating(a) sentencing Is the new trend in regard to punishing criminals. Alternative sentencing already affects almost doubly the number of persons convicted of crimes. The prison population Is maturation and the medical woo of these inmates is at levels that could non save been anticipated. The prisons be old and out dated and do dot conform to the needs of the aging prisvirtuosors.Specialized medical needs, short-staffed space, and structural designs that are mandatory to make access to he prison facilities easier for older prisoners are non in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. (ACT). This further exacerbates the problem of diminished budg ets by forcing the aver and national governments to settle lawsuits filed by inmates. Past The past methods of corrections evolved into several approaches in regard to punishment. In compound days, prisoners were subjected to severe forms of material punishment that Included whipping and hanging.Theses physical geeks of punishments were condoned by the public and were accepted as Just and served as a deterrent for committing crimes. in that respect was the medical approach that emphasized discussion for the offender and provided rehabilitation in the form of learning a trade offender become a fertile part of society while they were incapacitated in prison or Jail. there were even attempts to change magnitude the severity of sentencing for upper-case letter offences. This was the first form of alternative sentencing. With the advent of prisons, in that respect was a problem with hush-hush conduct.This was mainly because at that place were no activities that adequately e ngaged the age of inmates. The earlier models of prisons were self-contained industrial compounds. Prisoners were actively engaged and prison sold the products the inmates produced. This made the prisons self-sufficient and gave the prison population trades that could be use when they were released. The slack was the reason for the come apart of the industrial model. Citizens were upset that prisoners were making products that could be manufactured by the citizens.Legislation was enacted that prevented prisons from making products that competed with noncombatant agentive roleies. The reasoning implied that the prisoners were at that place to be punished. This was the end of the industrial prison. New prisons had to be constructed to house the inmates because the industrial prisons were no longer adequate in regard to housing inmates. Prison administrator developed recreational activities much(prenominal) as movies and sports to abate the idle time of inmates. This was non a s structured as the industrial prison model, but it occupied their time and quelled the frequent outbreaks of violence. Murrains and Roberts, 2009, Chapter 16, Cycles in Orientation Towards the Sentencing of Criminal Offenders). Present The sasss presented a problem for the legislative branch of the government and orison officials. The general public did non feel inviolable in their communities. This prompted a get tough on crime approach that was based on the crime control model. This system was designed to incarcerate offenders for extended periods of time. Public sentiment drives the legislative act upon in regard to the laws that are enacted to control crime. There is also the belief that the politicians are solely responsible for the laws.The writer believes that the will of the citizens last drives the legislation. There is evidentially support provided to support this. The enactment of three criteria regarding sentencing is an example of the citizens non legal opinion s afe in their communities and the politicians reacting by passing laws that represent their sentiment. The sentencing called for compound punishments for repeat or wonted(prenominal) offenders, determinate sentencing, and safeguards that provided fair and ingenuous punishments regardless of the racial and ethnic make-up of the accused.There was legislation enacted that ensured that sentencing adhered to a pattern that is non- sexist in disposition and delivered Just deserts to the offenders. There were two legislative mandates that were enacted to provide oversight and charm sentencing. The Comprehensive horror figure Act of 1984 and the Sentencing Reform Act are interrelated in that one regulates the otherwise. The Crime Control law focuses on the punishment and establishes sentencing criterion that is harsher and the Sentencing Reform Act establishes a modular in regard to applying the actual sentence to offenders.These programs are directed toward violent or severe offe nders. legislative initiatives include deepen sanctions for sexual offenders as well. Habitual offender statute is widely accepted and used by the volume of the states. Most offenders are considered career felony offenders and incapacitation is a deterrent and a solution to get these offenders off the streets forever. This process because of needed minimums, and other determinate sentencing criteria. The habitual sentencing provides a problem regard to defining what felonies would fit the criteria as habitual. jibe to the law as it is written a felony is a felony. Now the statute presents interposition unfair to those offenders who have committed non-violent fences, but are considered habitual in the true sense of the statute. rush criminals use the law to avoid the statute by committing crimes in different jurisdictions. The problem with this statute is that there is no standard in regard to what type of felony is defined as a determining factor for this sentencing criterion. Truth in sentencing can be effective as a deterrent, but there is illuminance that needs to happen.It is chief(prenominal) to apply the law in a fair and equitable manner. The law is for habitual criminals who commit crimes of a violent nature, with guns or paeans, which cause serious bodily harm. It should not apply to overturn classes of felonies that are non- violent in nature. (Murrains & Roberts, 2009, Chapter 16, Habitual Offender Statutes) Sentence enhancements are guidelines for what were originally career criminals but later cogitate on crime committed with guns. This statute also applies to crimes that are sexual in nature. Drug convictions are included in sentence enhancement.This is the most controversial because medicate offenders make up the majority of the inmate population in the country. The enhancement law affects the sentencing according to type of crime that is committed. The enhancement law does not affect the first time offender who uses a weapon but af fects sentencing for all subsequent offenses. The dose enhancement law is applied for quantity, location, age of the person who the offender sold the drugs to, and the type of drug. Offenders that commit crimes oft are also subjected to enhanced sentencing criterion. (Murrains & Roberts, 2009, Chapter 16, Sentence Enhancement).Certain sentencing disqualifies certain offenders from articulating in programs that postulate the interaction with community programs. Conviction for sexual crimes, murder, and alcohol offenses that result in loss of life, and certain drug offenses, (distribution or selling) prevents the offenders to be released to halfway houses and work release programs. The community members and the prison administration consider the attempt too big a threat for these offenders to interact with the community. These offenders are released into a minimum- security facility because they require more control because of the nature of their crimes.Murrains & Roberts, 2009 , Chapter 16, Restricted Housing). Financial considerations are forcing the government and prison officials to olfaction at alternative solutions that would mitigate sending offenders to Jail. Determinate sentences mitigate the use of discussion of because offenders serve the mandatory minimum sentence, which rival the standard in regard for parole. Some states like Alabama eliminate parole because they satisfy their sentence requirement by requiring inmates to serve at least the mandatory minimum for their offenses. The cost to house offenders is not sustainable.There is already double the number of offenders table service alternative sanctions as compared to those who are incarcerated. The rate of incarceration is increase at an astounding rate. The amount of criminals that are sent to prison is so overwhelming that the prison system is forced to release large numbers of non-violent inmates to make room for the new offenders. There is regard to enhanced sentencing. There are t housands of criminals serving life without parole sentences for non-violent offenses. The cost is astronomical to honor inmates for the duration of their internal lives.Politicians are convinced that is the responsibility of the state and federal government to rehabilitate felons. This heart financially too. According to A Living ending Life Without Parole For peaceful Crimes (2013), 3,278 prisoners are serving LOOP for drug, property, and other nonviolent crimes in the United States as of 2012, (V. Findings The use of Life Without Parole for Nonviolent Offenders). Conclusion There is one thing that remains a constant in regard to sentencing enhancement and other sentencing criterion. The costs are not sustainable to the state and federal governments.These ideas appear to deter crime, but the result of these laws has not deterred crime at all. The correction system has seen an increase in the number of incarcerations. There has to be expire and concise language regarding what type of felony is required to subject criminals to enhanced sentencing. First time offenders with non-violent offences should not be sentenced to LOOP. The corrections system and the government must find solutions to stop the rise of the prison population and not subject its citizens to this sentencing criterion without exceptions to the law. The age of the prison population is rising.Older inmates need more lengthy medical treatment and modifications to the prison structures to eliminate hardship in accessing areas of the prison facility. Community sanctions are needed for non- violent prisoners to facilitate them become productive members of society and earn a decent wage. There was elflike warning that a large prison population would become such a serious financial burden to the state and federal governments. America is considered the most civilized country in the free world. The prison population is not indicative of the term civilized, and is an embarrassment to the citizen s of this great action.There will always a component of criminals that need to be locked away, especially those who commit violent crimes. The government needs to concentrate on this department of inmates and find a viable plan as to not apply enhanced sanctions on non-violent offenders. References A Living Death Life Without Parole for Nonviolent Crimes. (2013). Retrieved from HTTPS//www. UCLA. Org/files/assets/111213a-loop-complete-report. PDF Murrains, R. , & Roberts, A. R. (2009). Visions for Change. Crime and Justice in the Twenty- First nose candy (5th deed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook appealingness Database.Corrections Trend EvaluationThis paper is the writers evaluation based on research of past, present, and future correction trends In regard to the development and Implementation of institutional and community based corrections. There Is an urgent need to revamp the antiquated practice of the crime control methodology. The get tough on crime approa ch requires harsh sentencing laws that subject non-violent offenders to harsh sentencing laws.This has dramatically contributed to escalated prison populations. Reallocation and retribution is ineffective and has resulted in high recidivism rates. Inadequate rehabilitation programs that lack proper funding and substance and long determinate sentences make prison a revolving door for those inmates who lack family support in regard to financial and moral support. Convicted felons are not likely to find suitable employment because they lack the skill or viable training to position them for reintegration into society.The get tough on crime, or crime control method of Justice is a proven failure and the corrections system is faced with the task f revamping the system that reduces costs and addresses rehabilitation in serious manner. The switch to alternative sentencing Is the new trend in regard to punishing criminals. Alternative sentencing already affects almost twice the number of pe rsons convicted of crimes. The prison population Is aging and the medical cost of these inmates is at levels that could not have been anticipated. The prisons are old and out dated and do dot conform to the needs of the aging prisoners.Specialized medical needs, inadequate space, and structural designs that are needed to make access to he prison facilities easier for older prisoners are not in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. (ACT). This further exacerbates the problem of diminished budgets by forcing the state and federal governments to settle lawsuits filed by inmates. Past The past methods of corrections evolved into several approaches in regard to punishment. In colonial days, prisoners were subjected to severe forms of corporal punishment that Included whipping and hanging.Theses physical types of punishments were condoned by the public and were accepted as Just and served as a deterrent for committing crimes. There was the medical approach that emphasized t reatment for the offender and provided rehabilitation in the form of learning a trade offender become a productive part of society while they were incapacitated in prison or Jail. There were even attempts to lessen the severity of sentencing for capital offences. This was the first form of alternative sentencing. With the advent of prisons, there was a problem with disorderly conduct.This was mainly because there were no activities that adequately occupied the time of inmates. The earlier models of prisons were self-contained industrial compounds. Prisoners were actively engaged and prison sold the products the inmates produced. This made the prisons self-sufficient and gave the prison population trades that could be used when they were released. The depression was the reason for the collapse of the industrial model. Citizens were upset that prisoners were making products that could be manufactured by the citizens.Legislation was enacted that prevented prisons from making products t hat competed with civilian factories. The reasoning implied that the prisoners were there to be punished. This was the end of the industrial prison. New prisons had to be constructed to house the inmates because the industrial prisons were no longer adequate in regard to housing inmates. Prison administrator developed recreational activities such as movies and sports to mitigate the idle time of inmates. This was not as structured as the industrial prison model, but it occupied their time and quelled the frequent outbreaks of violence. Murrains and Roberts, 2009, Chapter 16, Cycles in Orientation Towards the Sentencing of Criminal Offenders). Present The sasss presented a problem for the legislative branch of the government and orison officials. The general public did not feel safe in their communities. This prompted a get tough on crime approach that was based on the crime control model. This system was designed to incarcerate offenders for extended periods of time. Public sentimen t drives the legislative process in regard to the laws that are enacted to control crime. There is also the belief that the politicians are solely responsible for the laws.The writer believes that the will of the citizens ultimately drives the legislation. There is evidentially support provided to support this. The enactment of three criteria regarding sentencing is an example of the citizens not feeling safe in their communities and the politicians reacting by passing laws that represent their sentiment. The sentencing called for enhanced punishments for repeat or habitual offenders, determinate sentencing, and safeguards that provided fair and equitable punishments regardless of the racial and ethnic make-up of the accused.There was legislation enacted that ensured that sentencing adhered to a standard that is non- discriminatory in nature and delivered Just deserts to the offenders. There were two legislative mandates that were enacted to provide oversight and regulate sentencing . The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 and the Sentencing Reform Act are interrelated in that one regulates the other. The Crime Control law focuses on the punishment and establishes sentencing criterion that is harsher and the Sentencing Reform Act establishes a standard in regard to applying the actual sentence to offenders.These programs are directed toward violent or severe offenders. Legislative initiatives include enhanced sanctions for sexual offenders as well. Habitual offender statute is widely accepted and used by the majority of the states. Most offenders are considered career felony offenders and incapacitation is a deterrent and a solution to get these offenders off the streets forever. This process because of mandatory minimums, and other determinate sentencing criteria. The habitual sentencing provides a problem regard to defining what felonies would fit the criteria as habitual.According to the law as it is written a felony is a felony. Now the statute present s treatment unfair to those offenders who have committed non-violent fences, but are considered habitual in the true sense of the statute. Career criminals use the law to avoid the statute by committing crimes in different jurisdictions. The problem with this statute is that there is no standard in regard to what type of felony is defined as a determining factor for this sentencing criterion. Truth in sentencing can be effective as a deterrent, but there is clarification that needs to happen.It is important to apply the law in a fair and equitable manner. The law is for habitual criminals who commit crimes of a violent nature, with guns or paeans, which cause serious bodily harm. It should not apply to lower classes of felonies that are non- violent in nature. (Murrains & Roberts, 2009, Chapter 16, Habitual Offender Statutes) Sentence enhancements are guidelines for what were originally career criminals but later focused on crime committed with guns. This statute also applies to cri mes that are sexual in nature. Drug convictions are included in sentence enhancement.This is the most controversial because drug offenders make up the majority of the inmate population in the country. The enhancement law affects the sentencing according to type of crime that is committed. The enhancement law does not affect the first time offender who uses a weapon but affects sentencing for all subsequent offenses. The drug enhancement law is applied for quantity, location, age of the person who the offender sold the drugs to, and the type of drug. Offenders that commit crimes frequently are also subjected to enhanced sentencing criterion. (Murrains & Roberts, 2009, Chapter 16, Sentence Enhancement).Certain sentencing disqualifies certain offenders from articulating in programs that require the interaction with community programs. Conviction for sexual crimes, murder, and alcohol offenses that result in loss of life, and certain drug offenses, (distribution or selling) prevents th e offenders to be released to halfway houses and work release programs. The community members and the prison administration consider the risk too great a threat for these offenders to interact with the community. These offenders are released into a minimum- security facility because they require more supervision because of the nature of their crimes.Murrains & Roberts, 2009, Chapter 16, Restricted Housing). Financial considerations are forcing the government and prison officials to look at alternative solutions that would mitigate sending offenders to Jail. Determinate sentences mitigate the use of parole of because offenders serve the mandatory minimum sentence, which meet the standard in regard for parole. Some states like Alabama eliminate parole because they satisfy their sentence requirement by requiring inmates to serve at least the mandatory minimum for their offenses. The cost to house offenders is not sustainable.There is already double the number of offenders serving alter native sanctions as compared to those who are incarcerated. The rate of incarceration is increasing at an astounding rate. The amount of criminals that are sent to prison is so overwhelming that the prison system is forced to release large numbers of non-violent inmates to make room for the new offenders. There is regard to enhanced sentencing. There are thousands of criminals serving life without parole sentences for non-violent offenses. The cost is astronomical to maintain inmates for the duration of their natural lives.Politicians are convinced that is the responsibility of the state and federal government to rehabilitate felons. This means financially too. According to A Living Death Life Without Parole For Nonviolent Crimes (2013), 3,278 prisoners are serving LOOP for drug, property, and other nonviolent crimes in the United States as of 2012, (V. Findings The use of Life Without Parole for Nonviolent Offenders). Conclusion There is one thing that remains a constant in regard to sentencing enhancement and other sentencing criterion. The costs are not sustainable to the state and federal governments.These ideas appear to deter crime, but the result of these laws has not deterred crime at all. The correction system has seen an increase in the number of incarcerations. There has to be clear and concise language regarding what type of felony is required to subject criminals to enhanced sentencing. First time offenders with non-violent offences should not be sentenced to LOOP. The corrections system and the government must find solutions to stop the rise of the prison population and not subject its citizens to this sentencing criterion without exceptions to the law. The age of the prison population is rising.Older inmates need more extensive medical treatment and modifications to the prison structures to eliminate hardship in accessing areas of the prison facility. Community sanctions are needed for non- violent prisoners to help them become productive membe rs of society and earn a decent wage. There was little warning that a large prison population would become such a serious financial burden to the state and federal governments. America is considered the most civilized country in the free world. The prison population is not indicative of the term civilized, and is an embarrassment to the citizens of this great action.There will always a segment of criminals that need to be locked away, especially those who commit violent crimes. The government needs to concentrate on this segment of inmates and find a viable plan as to not apply enhanced sanctions on non-violent offenders. References A Living Death Life Without Parole for Nonviolent Crimes. (2013). Retrieved from HTTPS//www. UCLA. Org/files/assets/111213a-loop-complete-report. PDF Murrains, R. , & Roberts, A. R. (2009). Visions for Change. Crime and Justice in the Twenty- First Century (5th deed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection Database.